OK Northern bobwhite Hunting Guide

Also known as: Bobwhite quail

The northern bobwhite wasformally describedin 1758 by the Swedish naturalistCarl Linnaeusin thetenth editionof hisSystema Naturaeunder thebinomial nameTetrao virginianus. Linnaeus specified thetype locationas "America" but this has been restricted to the state ofVirginia.[8][9]Linnaeus based his account on the "American partridge" that had been described and illustrated by the English naturalistMark Catesbyin his bookThe Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands.[10]The northern bobwhite is now one of four species placed in thegenusColinusthat was introduced in 1820 by the German naturalistGeorg August Goldfuss.[11] Subspecies: There are 20 recognizedsubspeciesin four groups. One subspecies, the Key West bobwhite (C. v. insulanus), is extinct. The subspecies are listed in taxonomic order:[11][12] Theholotype specimenofOrtyx pectoralisGould(Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1842 (1843), p.182.) is held in the collections of theNational Museums Liverpoolat theWorld Museum, with accession number D3713. The specimen died in the aviary atKnowsley Hall, Lancashire and came to the Liverpool national collection via the13th Earl of Derby's collection, which was bequeathed to the people of Liverpool in 1851. The northern bobwhite is a moderately-sizedquail, and is the only small galliform native to eastern North America. The bobwhite can range from24 to 28cm (9.4 to 11.0in)in length with a33 to 38cm (13 to 15in)wingspan. As indicated by body mass, weights increase in birds found further north, as corresponds toBergmann's rule. In Mexico, northern bobwhites weigh from129 to 159g (4.6 to 5.6oz)whereas in the north they average170 to 173g (6.0 to 6.1oz)and large males can attain as much as255g (9.0oz).[13][14]Among standard measurements, thewing chordis9.7 to 11.7cm (3.8 to 4.6in), thetailis5 to 6.8cm (2.0 to 2.7in)theculmenis1.3 to 1.6cm (0.51 to 0.63in)and thetarsusis2.7 to 3.3cm (1.1 to 1.3in).[15]It has the typical chunky, rounded shape of a quail. The bill is short, curved and brown-black in color. This species issexually dimorphic. Males have a white throat and brow stripe bordered by black. The overall rufous plumage has gray mottling on the wings, white scalloped stripes on the flanks, and black scallops on the whitish underparts. The tail is gray. The clear whistle "bob-WHITE" or "bob-bob-WHITE" call is very recognizable. The syllables are slow and widely spaced, rising in pitch a full octave from beginning to end. Other calls includelisps, peeps, and more rapidly whistled warning calls. Behavior And Ecology: Like most game birds, the northern bobwhite is shy and elusive. When threatened, it will crouch and freeze, relying on camouflage to stay undetected, but will flush into low flight if closely disturbed. It is generally solitary or paired early in the year, but family groups are common in the late summer and winter roosts may have two dozen or more birds in a single covey.[21] Breeding: The species was once considered monogamous, but with the advent of radio telemetry, the sexual behavior of bobwhites has better been described as ambisexual polygamy.[22]Either parent may incubate a clutch for 23 days, and the precocial young leave the nest shortly after hatching. The main source of nest failure is predation, with nest success averaging 28% across their range.[23]However, the nest success of stable populations is typically much higher than this average, and the aforementioned estimate includes values for declining populations. Brooding behavior varies in that amalgamation (kidnapping, adopting, creching, gang brooding) may occur.[24][25]An incubating parent may alternatively stay with its young. A hen may re-nest up to four times until she has a successful nest. However, it is extremely rare for bobwhites to hatch more than two successful nests within one nesting season.[26] Food And Feeding: The northern bobwhite's diet consists of plant material and small invertebrates, such assnails,ticks,grasshoppers,beetles, spiders, crickets, andleafhoppers.[27]Plant sources include seeds, wild berries,partridge peas, and cultivated grains. It forages on the ground in open areas with some spots of taller vegetation.[28] Optimal nutrient requirements for bobwhite vary depending on the age of bird and the time of the year. For example, the optimal protein requirement for egg laying hens (23% protein) is much higher than for males (16%).[29][30] Introduced Populations: Northern bobwhite were introduced into Italy in 1927,[31]and are reported in the plains and hills in the northwest of the country. Other reports from the EU are in France, Spain, and the Balkans. As bobwhites are highly productive and popular aviary subjects, it is reasonable to expect other introductions have been made in other parts of the EU, especially in the U.K. and Ireland, where game-bird breeding, liberation, and naturalization are relatively common practices.[32] From 1898[33]to 1902, some 1,300 birds were imported from America and released in many parts of the North and South Islands,[34]from Northland to Southland. The bird was briefly on the Nelson game shooting licence, but: "It would seem that the committee was a little too eager in placing these Quail on the licence, or the shooters of the day were over-zealous and greedy in their bag limits, for the Virginian Quail, like the Mountain Quail were soon a thing of the past."[35]The Taranaki (Acclimatisation) Society released a few in 1900 and was confidant that in a year or two they might offer good sport; two years later, broods were reported and the species was said to besteadily increasing; but after another two years they seemedto have disappearedand that was the end of them. The Otago (Acclimatisation) Society imported more in 1948,[36]but these releases did no good.[37][38]After 1923, no more genuinely wild birds were sighted until 1952, when a small population was found northwest of Wairoa in the Ruapapa Road area. Since then, bobwhite have been found at several localities around Waikaremoana, in farmland, open bush and along roadsides.[34] More birds have been imported into New Zealand by private individuals since the 1990s and a healthy captive population is now held by backyard aviculturists and have been found to be easily cared for and bred and are popular for their song and good looks. A larger proportion of the national captive population belong to a few game preserves and game bird breeders. Though the birds would be self-sustaining in the wild if they were protected; it is tricky to guess what the effect of an annual population subsidy and hunting has on any of the original populations from the Acclimatisation Society releases. Analbinohen was present in acoveyin Bayview, Hawkes Bay for a couple of seasons sometime around 2000.[39] Captivity: Bobwhites are generally compatible with mostparrots,softbillsanddoves. This species should, however, be the only ground-dwelling species in the aviary. Most individuals will do little damage tofinches, but one should watch that nests are not being crushed when the species perches at night. Single pairs are preferred, unless the birds have been raised together as a group since they were chicks. Some fighting will occur between cocks at breeding time. One cock may be capable of breeding with several hens, but the fertility seems to be highest in the eggs from thepreferredhen. Aviary style is a compromise between what is tolerated by the bird and what is best for the bird. Open parrot-style type aviaries may be used, but some birds will remain flighty and shy in this situation. In a planted aviary, this species will generally settle down to become quite tame and confiding. Parents with chicks will roost on the ground, forming a circular arrangement, with heads facing outwards. In the early morning and late afternoon, the cock will utter his call, which, although not loud, carries well and may offend noise-sensitive neighbors. Most breeding facilities keep birds in breeding groups on wire up off the ground. In the wild the northern bobwhite feeds on a variety of weed and grass seeds, as well as insects. These are generally collected on the ground or from low foliage. Birds in the aviary are easily catered for with a commercial small seed mix (finch,budgerigar, or small parrot mix) when supplemented with greenfeed. Live food is not usually necessary for breeding, but will be ravenously accepted. High protein foods such as chicken grower crumble are more convenient to supply and will be useful for the stimulation of breeding birds. Extracalciumis required, especially by laying hens; it can be supplied in the form of shell grit, orcuttlefishbone.[40] If a nesting site and privacy are not provided, hens will lay anywhere within an open aviary. Hens that do this may, in a season, lay upwards of 80 eggs, which can be taken for artificial incubation and the chicks hand-raised. Hens with nesting cover that do make a nest (on the ground) will build up 8–25 eggs in a clutch, with eggs being laid daily.[41] Some captive bobwhite hybrids recorded are betweenblue quail(scaled quail),[42]Gambel's quail,California quail, andmountain quail. Masked Bobwhite: The masked bobwhite subspecies,C. v. ridgwayi, is listed asendangeredin the U.S. The birds were twice declared extirpated in Arizona in the past century. It was originally endemic to southern Arizona in the U.S., and northern Sonora in Mexico. It is considered aCritically Imperiled SubspeciesbyNatureServe.[44] The masked bobwhite was in decline since its discovery in 1884. By 1900, the subspecies was already extinct in the U.S. Populations remained in Mexico, but their study was curtailed by political events in Mexico, including theMexican Revolutionand the last of theYaqui Wars. A population of the masked bobwhite was finally discovered and studied in Mexico, in 1931 and 1932.[45] A native population historically existed in Sonora, but by 2017, its population appeared to be declining, or possibly extinct.[45]A 2017 study recorded no wild sightings of the bird in Sonora.[46]Decline of the species has been attributed to intense livestock grazing in an ecosystem that does not rejuvenate quickly. A captive flock was established in Arizona in the 1970s. The George Miksch Sutton Avian Research Center (Sutton Center) became involved with conservation efforts in 2017 to establish a breeding population at the Sutton Center in Oklahoma, in order to reintroduce birds toBuenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge (BANWR).[47]In 2019, biologists from the Sutton Center transported 1,000 chicks by road vehicle toBuenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge. In 2020, a projected total of 1,200 birds will be transported by airplanes to BANWR.[48]These recent actions are supplemental, and in addition to other conservation efforts in the past, seem to aid the subspecies' future conservation efforts.[49][50] In Popular Culture: In 2023, the masked bobwhite subspecies was featured on aUnited States Postal ServiceForever stampas part of theEndangered Speciesset, based on a photograph fromJoel Sartore'sPhoto Ark. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at theNational Grasslands Visitor CenterinWall, South Dakota.[51]

Habitat & Range

The northern bobwhite can be found year-round in agricultural fields, grassland, open woodland areas, roadsides and wood edges. Its range covers the southeastern quadrant of the United States from theGreat Lakesand southern Minnesota east to New York State and southern Massachusetts, and extending west to southern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado front-range foothills to 7,000 feet, and all but westernmostTexas. It is absent from the southern tip of Florida (where the extinct Key West bobwhite subspecies once lived) and the highest elevations of theAppalachian Mountains, but occurs in eastern Mexico and in Cuba, and has been introduced toHispaniola(both the Dominican Republic and Haiti), the Bahamas, the Turks and Caicos Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands (formerly), Puerto Rico, France, China, Portugal, and Italy. Isolated populations also have been introduced in the US states of Oregon and Washington. The northern bobwhite has also beenintroducedto New Zealand.[16] There is no self-sustaining population in Pennsylvania, where the bird is consideredextirpated;[17]it is also considered extirpated in the states of New Hampshire[18]and Connecticut.[19]Its distribution in New York has been limited toSuffolkandNassau CountiesonLong Island, as well as potential population pockets inUpstate New York. The bird is considered declining or extirpated throughout much of theNortheastern United States.[20]Similarly, the bird is almost extirpated from Ontario (andCanadaas a whole), with the only self-sustaining population confirmed to exist recorded onWalpole Island.[2]

Hunting Season

Nov 14 – Feb 15 (statewide)

References

• Oklahoma — Northern bobwhite