AL Nutria Hunting Guide

Also known as: Coypu, river rat

The nutria or coypu is an herbivorous, semiaquatic rodent from South America. Classified for a long time as the only member of the family Myocastoridae, Myocastor has since been included within Echimyidae, the family of the spiny rats. The nutria lives in burrows alongside stretches of water and feeds on river plant stems.

Habitat & Range

Native to subtropical and temperate South America, its range includes Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and the southern parts of Brazil and Bolivia. It has been introduced to North America, Europe and Asia, primarily by fur ranchers. The distribution of nutrias outside South America tends to contract or expand with successive cold or mild winters. During cold winters, nutrias often sufferfrostbiteon their tails, leading to infection or death. As a result, populations of nutria often contract and even become locally or regionallyextinctas in theScandinaviancountries and suchU.S. statesas Idaho, Montana, and Nebraska during the 1980s.[34]During mild winters, their ranges tend to expand northward. For example, in recent years, range expansions have been noted in Washington and Oregon,[35]as well as Delaware.[36] According to theU.S. Geological Survey, nutrias were first introduced to the United States inCalifornia, in 1899 byWilliam Franklin Frakes. As of 2024[update], they had spread to the San Francisco Bay Area, where their digging threatenedstorm levees, and theCalifornia Department of Fish and Wildlifehad an active eradication program.[37][38] They were first brought toLouisianain the early 1930s for the fur industry, and the population was kept in check, or at a small population size, because of trapping pressure from the fur traders.[15]The earliest account of nutrias spreading freely into Louisiana wetlands from their enclosures was in the early 1940s; a hurricane hit the Louisiana coast for which many people were unprepared, and the storm destroyed the enclosures, enabling the nutrias to escape into the wild.[15]According to the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, nutrias were also transplanted fromPort Arthur, Texas, to theMississippi Riverin 1941 and then spread due to a hurricane later that year.[39]

Life History

Thenutria(/ˈnjuːtriə/) orcoypu(/ˈkɔɪpuː/) (Myocastor coypus)[1][2]is anherbivorous,[3]semiaquaticrodentfromSouth America. Classified for a long time as the only member of the family Myocastoridae,[4]Myocastorhas since been included withinEchimyidae, the family of the spiny rats.[5][6][7]The nutria lives in burrows alongside stretches of water and feeds on river plant stems.[8] Native to subtropical and temperate South America, it was introduced to North America, Europe and Asia, primarily byfur farmers.[9]Although it is still hunted and trapped forits furin some regions, its destructive burrowing and feeding habits often bring it into conflict with humans, and it is considered aninvasive speciesin several countries.[10]Nutrias also transmit various diseases to humans and animals, mainly through water contamination.[11] Nutrias can live up to six years in captivity, but individuals rarely live past three years old in the wild. According to one study, 80% of nutrias die within the first year, and less than 15% of a wild population is over three years old.[30]A nutria is considered to have reached old age at four years of age. Male nutrias reach sexual maturity as early as four months, and females as early as three months; however, both can have a prolonged adolescence, up to the age of nine months. Once a female is pregnant,gestationlasts 130 days, and she may give birth to as few as one or as many as 13 offspring. The average nutria reproduction is four pups. Female nutrias will mate within two days after giving birth. The years of reproduction cycle by litter size. Year one might be large, year two litter size will be smaller and year three the litter size will be another larger size. Females can only produce six litters in her life, rarely seven litters.[26]A female on average will have two litters a year. Nutrias generally line nursery nests with grasses and soft reeds. Baby nutrias areprecocial, born fully furred and with open eyes; they can eat vegetation and swim with their parents within hours of birth. A female nutria can become pregnant again the day after she gives birth to her young. If timed properly, a female can become pregnant three times within a year. Newborn nutrias nurse for seven to eight weeks, after which they leave their mothers.[14]Nutrias have been known to be territorial and aggressive when caught or cornered. They will bite and attack humans and dogs when threatened.[31]Nutrias are mainly crepuscular or nocturnal, with most activity occurring around dusk and sunset with highest activity around midnight. When food is scarce, nutrias will forage during the day. When food is plentiful, nutrias will rest and groom during the day.[32]

Hunting Season

No closed season. May be taken year-round. Trapping and shooting permitted.

References

• Alabama — Nutria